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Gli assi dell'Aviazione Italiana 1940-1945

di Alberto Rosselli ©

On 10 June 1940, the Royal Italian Air Force has a total of 594 fighter-attack aircraft: 177 elderly Fiat CR32 biplane (ec series Ter) 202 modern Fiat CR42, 89 monoplane fighter Fiat G50, 77 Macchi MC200; Ro44 biplane seaplanes 7, 12 and 30 twin-engine Breda Ba 65 Breda Ba 88. Few of these planes the only ones to be able to perform effectively the role of interceptor fighters appeared to be families of Fiat and Macchi. Most of the Royal Air Force pilots who distinguished themselves during the war in the role of hunters were so difficult way to start their career at the controls of essentially four types of machines (CR32 and CR42 and the biplane and monoplane MC200 G50) planes because of their low power (the decrepit CR32 had an engine in-line 600 hp, while the more modern CR42 they had a stellar 840-hp, the G50 also a stellar 840-hp and a MC200, also stellar, but from 860 hp) and limited armament launch (all four models had included two 12.7 mm machine gun Breda Safat placed in the nose, with exception of the last models CR32 and MC200 who were both mounted on the wings to two 7.7 mm Breda light machine guns) were substantially lower than almost any other fighter put in the same period from England and France. In June 1940, la Francia, sebbene vicina al collasso militare, poteva fare conto su un buon numero di solidi intercettatori Morane-Saulnier MS406 e di più avanzati Dewoitine D520. L'Inghilterra aveva nei robusti Hawker Hurricane MK I e negli agili e veloci Spitfire MK I i suoi punti di forza. E se sotto il profilo della maneggevolezza e della solidità almeno i Fiat CR42, i Fiat G50 e soprattutto i Macchi MC200 potevano - se ben pilotati - tenere testa ai Morane francesi e agli Hurricane inglesi, dal punto di vista dell'armamento e della velocità l'inferiorità degli aerei italiani appariva purtroppo inequivocabile e tale da costringere i piloti ad effettuare autentiche prodezze per cercare di annullare il pericoloso divario. Basti pensare agli Hurricane e agli Spitfire, that spun at 505 and 570 kilometers per hour (compared to 440 and 500 of the CR42 MC200) and were armed with eight machine guns from Lewis wing 7.7 mm, compared to only two Breda 12.7 (i Moran were touching 485 km per hour were armed with 20 mm cannon and two machine guns with a 6.5 wing, while Dewoitine, reaching 530 kilometers per hour, were equipped with a 20 mm cannon and four machine guns andirons 7.5 mm). However, it was mainly due to low engine power of domestic manufacture that hunting (as well as all other specialties) Italian had to face (at least until the autumn of 1941, they began to be delivered to the wards of the first great Macchi MC202 and Reggiane Re2001 equipped with an engine line in 1175 by Daimler Benz DB 601/A-1 hp German-made or manufactured under license from Alfa Romeo) an opponent almost always higher. Already the first Rolls Royce Merlin engine in the line of the Hurricane and Spitfire, belonging to the series online revenue in 1939, deliver 1,030 hp, while the motor units in line Hispano-Suiza French Morane fighter and had Dewoitine - respectively - a power of 850 and 910 horses. Basically, from June 1940 to November 1941, the Italian hunters had to face (even after France's withdrawal from the conflict) commitments of fighting that saw them almost regularly, under a distinct disadvantage: inferiority made even stronger by an impressive digital divide. To give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe situation in which they were to find the pilots of Italian specialties in the first part of the conflict that brought the country to ruin (10 June '40 - Sept. 8 '43), just think that the industry National Aviation was able to give them only a total of 11 508 aircraft (from June '40 to August '43), that is less than it produced the English industry in 1940, ie 15,000. Not to mention that England and all countries of the British Commonwealth could, during the conflict, take advantage of not less than 35,000 US-supplied aircraft: compensatory figure of the few hundreds of aircraft (including F Me109 and G, Ju87 and other specimens) transferred from Germany to Italy from September '40 to August '43. Let us look in more detail in the Italian aeronautical industry production trends from January 1 to September 1 of '40 '40. During the 40 assembly lines came from 3,257 aircraft (1,155 of whom hunt) in 1941, 3503 (1339 fighters) in 1942, 2818 (1,488 fighters) and the first eight months of 1943, 1930 (1,000 of them hunting ). This data is daunting because even the least comparable to those in England, much less to the U.S., Russian and German. Britain, a nation against which Italy had to engage, from '40 to '43, the heavier and more expensive plane comparison (Given the presence of RAF crowded in all the main Mediterranean and African theaters of war) could, as has been said, to put online in 1940, as many as 15,000 aircraft, destined to rise to 20,100 in '41 and in '42 to 23,671 , and then drops to 26,263 in 1943: all figures which must be added the large quantities, especially hunting and twin-engine medium bomber (P40 Kittyhawk, Grumman Wildcat IV, Republic Thunderbolt II, Chance Vought Corsair II, North American Mustang IV, Martin The Baltimore, and The Martin Marauder North American Mitchell) provided by the U.S. to Great Britain in the summer of '40. And little need to remember that between '40 and '43 the RAF (supported directly, however, at least from dal giugno e dal dicembre del '41, da quei due mostri di produttività industriale e bellica che erano gli Stati Uniti e l'Unione Sovietica) dovette fronteggiare la formidabile Luftwaffe tedesca. Data la spaventosa ampiezza del conflitto, la Germania, la cui industria aeronautica riuscì a sfornare un notevolissimo quantitativo di ottime macchine, dovette infatti impiegare gran parte dei suoi mezzi aerei per garantire un appoggio tattico alle proprie armate e per proteggere (soprattutto con la caccia) le sue stesse industrie nazionali minacciate dai bombardieri pesanti inglesi e statunitensi: una servitù che si fece sentire soprattutto nel Mediterraneo, nei Balcani e in Africa Settentrionale dove spettò all'Aeronautica Italiana il compito di reggere, often alone, much of the confrontation with the fierce and well-equipped air force of the British Commonwealth. Technological inferiority, inability productive and substantial lack of industrial planning (in the course of the war the Italian aeronautical industry, already short of light metals, aluminum, rubber and unable to prepare an adequate amount of tools and equipment, he developed a number too high level of different models rather than focusing on those few aircraft, as already mentioned, or forgotten Reggiane Re2000 Re2001 MC202 and, to offset, at least in part, the Anglo-American dominance of the aviation industry) and then forced the Italians to fighter pilots use almost always outdated machines substantially outweigh its weaknesses with the ability and courage. Without this long but necessary introduction should not surprise the relatively low number of victories achieved by hunters Italians during the Second World War: a booty that in the light of the facts must be duly reviewed, even to debunk the legends (especially popular after the war by British sources ) about an alleged "failure" or even lack of fighting spirit revealed itself by the Royal Air Force and in this case by the Italian fighter pilots during the war. Although, strictly speaking, in recent years some scholars Anglo-Saxon (especially British and South Africans) have admitted in their work that what is lacking in the Italian drivers, forced to fight on board a few older machines, it was not the courage or skill, but luck. Among the flocks committed to hunting, between June '40 and September '43, against the Anglo-American and Soviet, that perhaps stood out most was the 4th Squadron of the Prancing Horse (the symbol of the ace of the First World War I, Francesco Baracca). The first five axes of the unofficial ranking of the Royal Air Force (unofficial because very often the opponents - especially the British who despised but feared Italian drivers - not confirmed or even denied, in their relations to the victories achieved by hunters the Royal) Military fact in the 4th Squadron, including the captain Mario Visintini but worked in a squadron detached - the 412ma - in East Africa, where he received on board his CR42 many as 16 personal victories in action, destroying the ground 32 other British aircraft . In first place we find the sergeant Teresio Martinoli (22 individual and 14 culls together), followed by sub lieutenant Leonardo Ferrulli (22 individual and 10 together), by Captain Franco Lucchini (21 personal and 52 together), from Visintini, which has already been said, and Lieutenant Luigi Giannella, with 12 individual victories and 14 together. Follow (always for the 4th Wing) Captain Emanuele Annoni with 9 wins and 10 personal collaboration, Lieutenant Antonio Canfora with 7 personal reliefs and 2 and in cooperation with the captain Carlo Ruspoli 5 killing in a personal and cooperation. Heavy, to counterbalance these successes, the final activity of this glorious Wing since 19 June 40 (date of culling the able lieutenant Hugh A. Corsi) to 4 September of '43, lost 32 pilots in combat, while 8 others died from accidents and enemy aircraft bombing (September 21 between '43 and '45 on April 2, fell another 14 pilots, who had joined the Southern Kingdom). Noteworthy is the total haul of 4 º Stormo, department, whose flag was decorated with a gold medal for valor and a silver. Thanks to the skills and all'affiatamento of its pilots and specialists in the 4th Squadron shot down a total, over 303 air battles, well-585 aircraft 215 other likely opponents, earning a total of 13 individual gold medals for valor. But over the 4th Squadron, many other departments hunting Italians were able to churn out real axis (that title could be obtained reaching a minimum of 5 individual reliefs found). These include the captain Claudio Solaro (3 º Stormo) and 10 planes shot down opponents, pulling down 14 soldiers along with 20 others and destroying the ground. And behind him the largest of 21 º Ettore Foschini Group with seven individual victories, the lieutenant of the 2nd Squadron Orlando Mandolins with 7 individual and 2 together and Captain Clizia Nioi (1 º Stormo) with 7 plus 8. Between 12 º and 19 º place on the list for the period 1940-1943, are then placed the captain Doglio Furio Niclot (51 º Stormo) Captain George Tugnoli (23 º Group) and Lieutenant Livio Bassi (154 º Group) with six individual victories ; Marshal Pietro Bianchi (51 º Stormo) with 5 individual and as many as 56 collaborative Marshal Francis Pecchiari (20 º Group) with 5 plus 5; Marshal Olindo Simionato with 5 wins individual and 20 collective and Lieutenant Charles Seganti with 5 killing personal. The ranking of "assi" italiani della Seconda Guerra Mondiale non sarebbe però completa né esatta se non si tenesse conto degli abbattimenti conseguiti dai piloti italiani impegnati, a partire dal settembre del '43 al maggio del '45, nelle file della Aeronautica della RSI (Repubblica Sociale Italiana) e in quelle della Aviazione Italiana Coobelligerante (quella che combatté a fianco degli Alleati). E come si può notare dalla sottostante tabella riassuntiva, in virtù di questo epilogo sanguinoso per entrambi gli schieramenti, gli "assi" italiani crebbero considerevolmente di numero con l'aumentare delle vittorie, consentendo diversi ribaltamenti nell'ordine di graduatoria e facendo emergere piloti di estremo valore e capacità come il capitano Adriano Visconti (26 personal victories) and Luigi Gorrini (19 wins), both Republican activists in the Air (Air Force pilots of CSR, such as Luigi Gorrini, won an award for their victories until many years after the end of conflict).

ACE: Adriano Visconti

AXES: Teresa Martinelli, Leonardo Ferrulli, Franco Lucchini

AXES: Vistini Mario, Luigi Giannella, Claudio Solaro

Full Table of the "axis" of the Italian hunting

Period 1940 - 1945

Franco Lucchini 26


Adriano Visconti 26

Teresio Martinoli 23

Leonardo Ferrulli 22

Franco Bordoni-Bisleri 19

Louis Gorrini 19

Furio Lauri

Morosi 18 18 17

Mario Bonzi

Mario Visintini 17

Ugo Drago 16

Duilio S. 15 lanterns

Adriano Mantelli 15

Luigi Giannella 14

brunette Montegnacco 14

Corrado Ricci 14

Mario Bellagambi 13

Germano La Ferla 13

Vittorio Minguzzi 13

Guido Presel 13

Luigi Baron 12

Giovanni Dell' Innocenti 12

Attilio Sanson 12

Claudio Solaro 12

Gianlino Baschirotto 11

Carlo Magnaghi 11

Angelo Mastroagostino 11

Carlo Romagnoli 11

Carlo Maurizio Ruspoli di Poggio Suasa 11

Pietro Serini 11

Giorgio Solaroli di Briona 11

Ennio Tarantola 11

Mario Veronesi 11

Amedeo Benati 10

Fernando Malvezzi 10

Guido Nobili 10

Giulio Reiner 10

Joseph Roberto Massimo Salvatore 10 10



Giulio Torresi 10

Emanuele Annoni 9

John Barcaro 9

Giuseppe Work 9

Guido buckle 9

Walter Omiccioli 9

Ferruccio Serafini 9

Natalino Stable 9 Andrea Zotti

9

Giuseppe Biron 8

John Bonet

Ernesto Botto 8 8 8

Anthony Camaioni

Antonio Longhini 8

Orfeo Mazzitelli

Harold Soffritti 8 8 8

Raffaele Valenzano

Tito Valtancoli 8

Ranieri Piccolomini Clementini Adami 7

Bruno Biagini 7
Carlo Canella
7

Antonio Canfora 7

Vittorino Daffara

Fausto Filippi 7 7 7

Luigi Filippi

Dino Forlani

Ettore Foschini 7 7 7

Roberto Gaucci

Philip Guarnaccia 7

Orlando Mandolins 7

Carlo Miani 7

Olizio Nioi 7

Oblach 7

Vincent Joseph Sant 'Andrea Angelo Savini

7 7 7

Enzo Lombardo Schiappacasse



Osvaldo Virgil Vanzan 7 6 Bartolacchini

Bartolozzi 6

Osvaldo Livio Netherlands 6

Peter Bonfatti 6

Aldo Buvoli 6

Augustine Calenti 6

Cesare Di Bert 6

Francois Armando

Amedeo Guidi 6 6 6
Laiolo

Domenico Antonio
Larsimont Parchment 6

Felice Longhi 6

Joseph Manconcini

Mario Mecatti 6 6 6

Hamlet Monterumici

Giuseppe Mottet 6

Furio Doglio Niclot 6

Luciano Forgive 6

Alvaro Querci 6

Diego Rodoz 6

Joseph Ruzzini 6

Pier Giuseppe Scarpetta 6

Emo Ricardo Seidl 6

Spigaglia 6

Alberto Giorgio 6 Tugnoli

Alberto Paolo Veronese 6

Arcangeletti 5

Giuseppe Aurilio 5

Loris Baldi 5

Luigi Bandini

Joseph Baylon 5 5 5

Duilio Bernardi

Lucio Biagini 5

Manfredo Bianchi 5

Pietro Alessandro Bianchi 5

Bladelli 5

Egidio Buogo 5

Gilberto Box 5

Evasio Cavalli

Guglielmo Chiarini 5 5 5

Tullio Covre

Carlo Cucchi Francesco Cuscuana

5 5 5

Rinaldo Damiani

Henry of the undecided 5



Giuseppe Domenico Facchini 5 5 Farazzani

Giuliano Fissore 5

Fausto Furnaces 5

Iacopo Frigerio 5

Eber Antonio Giardina 5

Judge George Graffer 5 5



Mario Luigi Guerci 5

Iellici

Eugenio Leotta 5 5 5 Mariotti Luigi



Sergio Maurer

Mario Melis 5 5 5

Elio Miotto

Gianfranco Montagnani 5

Luigi Monti Enrico Moretto

5 5 5

Raffaello Novelli

Dante Ocarso

Enzo Omiccioli 5 5 5

Antonio Palazzeschi

Francesco Constantino Petrosellini

Pecchiari 5 5 5

Mario Pinna

Mario Pluda 5

George Pocek 5

Aldo Remondino 5

Richard Roveda 5

John Sajeva 5

Carlo Segandi 5

Olindo Simionato 5

Vittorio Squarcia 5

Hannibal Sterzi 5

Renato Talamini

Arrigo Tessari 5 5 5

Louis Torchio

Celso Zemella 5

Nicola Zotti 5